****
I'm going to go along with the use of the word, but doing so is unsettling when the monsters are Native characters. Equally unsettling is that A Monster Like Me got a starred review from Booklist.
Sophie has a hemangioma on her face. The author, Wendy S. Swore, had one on her forehead, which is why some of the promotional materials say the story is inspired by real events in the author's life.
The story is set in Portland, Oregon. Most people know that there are many Native nations in the place currently known as Oregon.
In chapter thirteen, "Ghostly Falls," Sophie, her friend Autumn, and her mom are at Multnomah Falls. As they walk on the trail, Sophie sees something in a puddle and picks it up (p. 127):
A picture of a beautiful Native American girl in a white dress stares back at me from the soggy flier with the headline Princess of Multnomah Falls. Gently I turn it over, but the print is dirty and hard to read.
"What did you find?" Mom peeks over my shoulder. "Oh, the legend of the falls. I always liked that one."
"The paper says something about a princess?" Autumn points to the faded image. "I didn't even know there was a king here."
"No king," laughs Mom. "She was the Multnomah chieftain's daughter."
With a gasp, Autumn claps her hands. "A princess and a chief? How romantic!"Her mom goes on to tell her that people were dying of a "great sickness." The "chief" called his council and "best warriors" together to find a cure (p. 127).
"Then, an old medicine man told them the only way to save the tribe was to sacrifice a young woman by throwing her off the mountain to appease the Great Spirit."Sophie's mom tells her that at that time, there was no waterfall there. The chief didn't want to sacrifice any of the girls, but then, his daughter's betrothed got sick. The daughter/princess decided to save him and everyone. So, she jumped. Sad, the chief asked the Great Spirit for a sign that his daughter was (p. 128):
"safe in the land of the spirits. That's when water started flowing over the top of the cliff."Sophie has the story of the princess in her mind as they walk on the trail. At the top, she holds to the railing and peers over (p. 129):
Someone walks up beside me and thin white gauze brushes my face. I brush it away and scoot over so the lady's dress doesn't blow into me again. Then I freeze as I take in her wispy white dress and long black hair. Her face looks different than it does in the picture, but the ghost of a Native American princess can probably look however she wants to look.The woman starts talking to Sophie, pointing with her chin, telling her that she had fought alongside fireman when the lodge was on fire. Sophie wonders if the fireman knew that "the spirit of a Native American princess was standing beside them, adding her magic to the fight that night." She wonders if her mom and Autumn can see the woman. The woman is wearing a pendant that is a crystal nestled in gold leaves. Sophie asks if it is magic. The woman says it is, to her, because she had made it herself, and that the magic worked for her. When the woman touches Sophie, she feels a jolt of electricity. She's never been touched by a ghost before. Autumn and her mom rush up beside her, looking over the railing, too. Sophie asks Autumn (p. 131):
"Did you see her?" I whisper in her ear.
"See who?"
"The princess!" I point down the trail and gasp.
The path is empty.
Debbie's comments:
I've spent the afternoon looking through my sources but can't find anything (other than a sketchy website) that says it is a Native story. A "medicine man" telling his people they have to sacrifice a young girl to appease a wrathful "Great spirit"---that doesn't ring true to me as a Native story.
I did find a site that has a detailed history of the dedication of The Vista House--and information about "Chief Multnomah." The person who wrote it, Dr. David Gene Lewis, worked for several years for the Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde Community of Oregon and is a member of that nation. He wrote:
On June 7th, 1918 the state of Oregon dedicated the Vista House built between 1916 and 1918, at the crest of Crown Point overlooking the Columbia River. The opening of the house, really a scenic vista wayside and pioneer memorial, commemorated and called attention to the opening of the Columbia River Highway. The House was to be the memorial to the spirit and grit of the pioneers who first came down the Columbia to the Oregon Territory.Dr. Lewis has several historical photos on his site along with the research he's done. The Oregonian (newspaper) published a narrative of the dedication ceremony. The ceremony and narrative, too, were created by "the Rosarians." Lewis writes that the Rosarians were a romantic cultural organization with a king and a queen. In their ceremony, they meet a "redskin" called "Chief Multnomah" who realizes that "his days of rule are over." So, he lays down his bow and arrow and leaves, disappearing near the base of the falls (go read the whole thing).
I include Dr. Lewis's account here because the Rosarians wrote about the Native man as being "a ruler" much like kings and queens of Europe. Characterizing him as a "ruler" (king) creates the space for a daughter who would be a "princess" like the one that Swore wrote into her story. Sophie's mom rebuts the "king" part of the "legend" but doesn't tell Autumn that her use of "princess" is wrong, too. Sophie and Autumn's thinking of a Native American "princess" remains intact--and so does the reader who holds that wrong idea of Native princesses!
In the rest of that legend, we're expected to believe in a wrathful "Great Spirit." That doesn't work for me. It sounds far more like a white writer--maybe a Christian one--creating a legend. Indeed, in the twitter thread I started on March 1, an individual pointed me to "The Legend of Multnomah Falls" written in 1905 by Susan Williamson Smith. You can see the digitized copy online. It lines up with my thinking that this whole princess story is a White Man's Indian.
Moving to the woman Sophie meets at the rail... the spirit, we're told, of that princess. I took care to include the way Swore has her pointing: with her chin. I did that because she seems to have a bit of info about Native gestures. Many Native people do that and I've seen some White writers use it. To them it might seem to lend authenticity to their writing but within the larger picture of what they've written, it is a #fail. This princess is wearing a crystal that the wearer (and Sophie) think has magical power.
That crystal is a significant problem. It fits right in with the New Age writings. It is important to the arc of Swore's story and how Sophie deals with the hemangioma, but tying it to this "princess" is a major problem.
In chapter sixteen, "Zoos Are for the Birds," Sophie, Autumn, and Sophie's mom are at the zoo. There's a totem pole there, with an eagle at the top. In her pocket is the crystal necklace she found in chapter 15. Sophie thinks (p. 156):
"...it was a normal thunderbird who got tired of throwing lightning bolts and decided to sit up there and rest, but then got stuck and couldn't leave."A crow lands on the totem pole. Sophie thinks it is a Crow God who can see that she is a monster. She stares back at it and says (p. 156):
"No tricks, Chulyen." I've got enough trouble without a Native American trickster god running amok.
Debbie's comments:
I don't like the flip and dismissive tone Sophie has about the totem pole and I don't like the tone she has towards what she's imagining as a trickster, either. I can't put my finger on why it is bothering me. I do wonder why she thinks this god is named Chulyen, and, I definitely don't like the generic "Native American" attribute Sophie/Swore is using there. Looking around a bit, I see "Chulyen" in a "Fantastic Fest" that took place in 2015. It was, I gather, a short film and it seems to fit within this "monster" framework that Swore developed for this story. There are--in fact--Alaskan Dena'ina stories about Chulyen (a raven) but they're not like Swore's Chulyen.
As Sophie and Autumn move on into the zoo exhibits, Sophie is so absorbed in looking at a woman she thinks is Medusa (the woman has green ribbons woven through her dreadlocks, and long green nails that are more like talons than fingernails) that she almost bumps into an elk. She grab's Autumn's hand to stop her, too, but there's no elk there (p. 156):
...there's only a man in a worn cowboy hat with feathers tucked into the band on both sides.This man has a dusky tan face, a million wrinkles ("like the inside of a walnut"), wisps of gray hair, braids, and
...a thick beaded string with a clasp hangs around his neck like a tie, and a leather pouch dangles dead center on his chest.He winks at her when he sees her looking. Chulyen caws overhead and lands in a tree behind the old man who seems to understand what the bird is saying. Chulyen follows Sophie, her mom, and Autumn through the zoo. They get to the Birds of Prey outdoor show and settle down on the grass to watch.
Sophie pulls her crystal out of her pocket and is holding it in her hand. Suddenly, Chulyen swoops in and takes it. He sits on a nearby pole. Sophie goes to the pole and tells him to give it back. She's startled when she hears "He doesn't give things back." It is the old Native American man with the feathered cowboy hat. First, he tosses popcorn to entice Chulyen but that doesn't work. Then, he tells her to look away. "As long as you're watching, he'll hang onto his prize only because you want it." She watches the bird show for awhile. The man tosses more popcorn around. Then, the crow is at her feet to get some of the popcorn. Her crystal falls by her feet. She grabs it, tears try to leak from her eyes.
"That necklace is special to you, eh?" he asks.She nods and he says his is special, too. His is that leather pouch. She asks if it is magic. He nods and tells her it is his medicine bag. She asks how he knows what to put in it.
"Many things have power, but some things call to you so strong, they make powerful medicine for you."
"They say your name?" How weird would that be if a rock started calling for me? Hey Sophie! Over here! But then, the crystal kind of called to me, didn't it?
"Not in words." The man taps his heart. "They'll call to you in here. It could be anything. A pinecone. A bead. A carving. A stone. Each person's medicine is different."
"And it heals you?"
"It heals my heart, my spirit."Sophie's mom calls to her; she rejoins her and Autumn. She looks back to the man and sees he is walking away, with Chulyen on his shoulder. They seem to be talking.
Just before he turns the corner, he casts a shadow on the wall of a building and I see the shadow of an elk.
No. Not an elk, a caribou.
I'd spoken face to face with the Caribou Man.She wonders what to tell Autumn about Caribou Man. He's a leader for all animals. When he speaks, they listen.
That the tribes feared and revered him so much, they were careful to treat all their hunts with great respect so he didn't get angry.She realizes that he's very powerful, but he chose to speak to her. She feels a warm bubble at that thought. As they get to their car Chulyen and some more black birds appear. They tumble about in the air, and then glide away. Something white flutters down. It is part of a white peacock feather. It is, she thinks, a gift of healing medicine from Chulyen. It has power. (In the next chapter, we read that she has attached the peacock feather to the crystal.)
Debbie's comments
So... Caribou man isn't a real person. He's a figure in the book of monsters that Sophie carries around. He, like the princess, appears in this story, to help Sophie.
The way that Swore depicts this man, works, for a white audience. He's got some wisdom and some teachings that whiteness fawns over. As Caribou man, he has power and if you don't treat him right, well, it won't go well. There... again, is the depiction of wrath. As with the "Great Spirit" at the falls, I think this is more White Man's Indian.
Swore's book is introducing stereotypes to readers who aren't aware that they're stereotypes. For those who open her book with stereotypical ways of thinking about Native people, her words affirm their "knowledge." That, ultimately, is harmful to what they grow up "knowing" about Native people.
It is also, of course, harmful to Native readers who know this is all nonsense. If they've picked up the book on their own accord, they can set it down but if a teacher assigns the book, they're in a difficult position. Some will be unsettled by the nonsense. The impact can be unsettling in the moment, but later, too, when they're supposed to be doing other schoolwork.
Published in 2019, I do not recommend Wendy S. Swore's A Monster Like Me.
Oh, I knew that "legend" of Multnomah Falls sounded familiar. It's in an old book by Ella D. Clark called "Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest." Here's what Clark herself says about this story, which in her book is called A Legend of Multnomah Falls:
ReplyDelete"All the cliffs and falls of the Columbia Gorge are rich in Indian legendry and enchantment," wrote an Oregon pioneer, "and each has its pretty, tragic story. There are several about Multnomah Falls/"
Hm, something happened. Here's the rest of the what Ella D. Clark says about that story:
ReplyDeleteShe [meaning the "Oregon pioneer" Clark quoted] and two other pioneers wrote the following legend....
So, the person who collected these "Indian Legends" is saying straight out that this one is by 3 white women.
Clark's book has been around since my childhood, and it wasn't brand-new then. It is still sold all over the place in the Pacific Northwest, so it doesn't surprise me that a story Clark included figures in a story about a child living in Portland.
What does surprise me is that Clark doesn't pretend that this is a Native story.
Some day I will stop wondering why white writers think that spiritual/supernatural beings part of non-white cultures that faced oppression and genocide at the hands of white folks, are so willing to help the white hero.
ReplyDeleteSome day I will stop sighing at white writers using "monster" as a catch-all for supernatural beings because there is something very disgusting about referring to, say, a lung (Chinese/Vietnamese dragon) a monster. Would they call Christian angels monsters? Because that is somewhat near the level of disgusting I'm thinking about here.
The thing is, all of the above is neutral to most white audiences and extremely repugnant to most non-white audiences.
Thank you so much for addressing this book. I feel much more at ease with the decision to not purchase the book despite the Booklist starred review. Again, thank you.
ReplyDeleteThanks so much for the recommendation of The White Man's Indian. I will check that out. When I teach the late 19th/early 20th-century white-authored children's lit that has Native-related content, I teach it alongside a chapter from Kate Flint's The Transatlantic Indian, so my students read about what the English thought they "knew" about American Indians, how they "knew" it, and how that "knowledge" assisted in justifying the genocide perpetrated on American Indians. Maybe I should add a chapter from The White Man's Indian.
ReplyDelete--Veronica
I'm curious if the knowledge that Swore has lived on the ShoBan reservation in Idaho for 20 years and raised her five kids there would make any difference to your analysis or perception of her book? I'm not being snarky, I'm genuinely interested.
ReplyDeleteIn my analysis? No. The problems are there, regardless of where she lived/lives.
ReplyDeleteLiving on a reservation doesn't necessarily mean she (or any writer) interacts with Native people or understands the issues they deal with. Many writers live amongst Native people, or teach Native children, and then suggest that proximity or relationships mean they are better positioned than others to write a story with Native characters or content. Sometimes it does, sometimes it doesn't. In this case, it seems not to have given her insight into how to do this with care.
Some writers ask a Native person they know, based on where they live/work (on that reservation) to read their book. In the abstract, that sounds like a good move but it can be a very bad one if the person doesn't have the skills to understand how writers are using them/their expertise to validate a book/story that, seen in the larger context of appropriation and misrepresentation, would fail. Some of my dearest friends aren't critical readers. I wouldn't ask them to be a sensitivity reader for a book.
I'm thinking about an analogy that could work to capture what I mean, along these lines: If you need ___, do you go to anyone within that group, or, do you look for something in that group with specialized knowledge?
I'm so relieved to see this NON-recommendation here. I received this book in a shipment of titles from Junior Library Guild for our school library (a residential school for Native American students, grades 7-12) a few months ago and was intrigued by the premise. So I brought it home to read with my 10-year old son. We were a bit perplexed by the choppy narrative but found the main character endearing and continued, hoping it would come together somehow. And then: The Falls. The Indian princess. The elder/guide/ghost/monster (?!) at the zoo. In both cases, the out-of-context, romanticized, indigenous savior guiding Sophie to....to what, exactly? Not a better understanding of herself, nor of history, nor of Native peoples or cultures. They struck me as random, simplistic, ill-conceived literary devices that furthered the notion of Native people as a thing of the past, a collective noble legend--I was disappointed that such a portrayal had gone unnoticed and unaddressed by the Swore's editors. Fortunately, this was a book we were reading together, so I was able to discuss the portrayal of the Native characters with my (white) son and open up a conversation about the ways in which that portrayal was problematic. I hope any teachers, parents, or librarians who still have the book in their collections will either discard it, or use it as a springboard for VERY critical conversation with the youth they serve...
ReplyDelete